China imposed fines and sanctions against two U.S. defense companies in a further escalation of tensions between the world’s two biggest economies.

Lockheed Martin Corp. and a subsidiary of Raytheon Technologies Corp. were added to a list of “unreliable entities” due to their participation in arms sales to Taiwan, China’s Ministry of Commerce said in a statement Thursday.

As with previous sanctions announced against the firms and other U.S. defense companies, these measures are likely to be largely symbolic given both have little direct exposure to China. An email to Raytheon outside of business hours went unanswered, as did calls to Lockheed Martin.

The notice said the companies will be fined twice the contract value of their arms sales to Taiwan since September 2020 when the list first came into effect, without specifying the amount. The companies are required to pay within 15 days.

China considers the democratically self-ruled Taiwan as part of its territory and has long complained about the U.S. supplying weapons to the island.

A day before the announcement China had warned that it would hit the U.S. with “countermeasures” over violations of its sovereignty, and on Thursday blamed the U.S. for jeopardizing ties by overreacting in the ongoing spat over a balloon. However, the subsequent announcement of sanctions may further escalate that dispute.

Washington contended that the balloon was spying and shot it down, while China claims it was a civilian airship collecting weather data that went off course.

It’s unclear if the latest sanctions will prevent a meeting between U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken and Wang Yi, China’s top diplomat on the sidelines of the Munich Security Conference this week. Blinken canceled a planned trip to Beijing this month when the balloon controversy erupted.

“It’s a message to the U.S., but also for domestic consumption - to demonstration China’s tough position,” said Dongshu Liu, an assistant professor specializing in Chinese politics at the City University of Hong Kong. “The economic consequences might not be as strong as the political ones - those companies don’t do business in China. They may face some limitation as a result of these new sanctions, but still, it’s largely politically symbolic.”

The Chinese government will ban trade with both firms as well as blocking new investment from the two into China, the ministry said in a statement. If the companies don’t pay the fines within 15 days the ministry may increase the fines.

In addition, it will cancel and prohibit work and residence permits for the companies’ senior managers and ban them from entry into the country.

This action “shows that China’s retaliation remains very targeted and refrained, responding to U.S.’ arms sales toward Taiwan, over which China has lodged its protest many times in the past,” said Feng Chucheng, a Beijingbased partner at independent consultancy Plenum. “China is not weaponizing its sanctions, which is consistent with China’s longstanding policies.”

China has threatened sanctions against U.S. entities that damage its national security in the past. In 2020 it said it would impose unspecified sanctions on Boeing Co.’s defense unit, Lockheed Martin, and Raytheon after the U.S. State Department approved arms sales to Taiwan.

Last September, Beijing said it was sanctioning two top executives at Boeing and Raytheon over the biggest U.S. weapons deal with Taiwan in almost two years, but didn’t provide details on the measures.

“Naming two already sanctioned companies onto the list for the first time actually proves that MOFCOM wants to take it slow and experiment with how to implement the new unreliable entity list,” according to Andy Chen, a senior analyst with Beijingbased consultancy Trivium China. The list “was created in haste as a response to U.S.’s long-arm jurisdiction but MOFCOM wasn’t ready to deploy it at the time because it lacked the experience - and probably personnel - to carry it out.”

____ (With assistance from Li Liu, Rebecca Choong Wilkins and Kari Lindberg.)